Inventions

The plow was also a great breakthrough in human history.  Though it would not have been accomplished without animals.  This changed the productivity for man.  When they didn't have plows it was because they didn't have animals that were tame and domesticated enough to work with them.  In New Guinea, the only animals they really have are pigs.  Pigs are great for food, but they don't give you hides and they don't allow you to plow and/or give nice fur like horses, mules, sheep, etc.  Jared Diamond counted up about 148 different types of wild, plant-eating, terrestrial mammals that weigh over 100 pounds, out of those 148, only 14 have been domesticated successfully.  These animals are: Pigs, Horses, Goats, Sheep, Cows, Donkeys, Bactrain Camels, Arabian Camels, Llamas, Water buffaloes, Reindeer, Yaks, Mithouns  ? (I have no clue how to spell it), Bali Cattle, and Zebras weren't domesticated like horses because of the environment they grew up in.  They are constantly running at every little sound they hear because otherwise, they will just be killed off.  Horses, on the other hand never had much of that problem, so it was easy for humans to tame them.  If a herd has a leader, the only major thing that has to happen is to get control of the leader so it will be much easier to work with the whole herd.  Even though elephants seem too be social animals, they aren't very good to have working because they take so long to reproduce-15 years!  Animals also need to know how to get along with humans if it is to work out.  Llamas are native to South America, but out of the list of 14 the other 13 are not native to the Americas, New Guinea, Africa or Australia.  The key concept for civilizations to work out is to have a surplus.  The Fertile Crescent had the best crops and animals, that's why they had such a huge head start.  Sadly, though it didn't work out for them.  Their land was too dry and people fled and deserted the whole place.  The city called Guare was over 9,000 years old and they had plaster on their walls, which with their windows it somehow created like air-conditioned house.  Fire MAJORLY help out the future for men, because it created plaster, limestone being boiled for days over 1,000 degrees.  With fire, it created metal and New Guineans, in the '60s were still using stone to work with.